I don't see how Fϕ can be computed it in polynomial time becuase doing resolution itself takes exponential time (in the worst case). For example, let's say your candidate 3-CNF formula F1 is as below:
F1:={{a,b,c},{d,e,¬c},{a,¬b,f},{d,e,¬f}}
Then, the result of resolution on
F1 is the formula
F2 below:
F2:={{a,b,c},{d,e,¬c},{a,¬b,f},{d,e,¬f},{a,b,d,e},{a,¬b,d,e},{a,d,e}}
Thus, the formula
Fϕ is as below:
Fϕ:={{a,b,c},{d,e,¬c},{a,¬b,f},{d,e,¬f},{a,d,e}}
However, as you can see, in order to get the final clause in Fϕ you should first get all four-literal clauses. So, I do not see any way to get rid of exponentially many steps for resolution. Indeed, for some problems such as the pigeonhole principle, we know that resolution cannot solve it in less than exponentially many steps (but, to be fair, as far as I know, these examples are not in 3-CNF form and some intelligent resolution might exist when the input is guaranteed to be in 3-CNF form).