সরল রৈখিক প্রতিরোধের ক্ষেত্রে রিগ্রেশন সহগের বৈচিত্র্য

সরল লিনিয়ার রিগ্রেশন-এ, আমাদের কাছে $y = \beta_0 + \beta_1 x + u$ , যেখানে । আমি অনুমানকারীটি উত্পন্ন করেছি: যেখানে এবং হ'ল এবং এর নমুনা মাধ্যম । $u \sim iid\;\mathcal N(0,\sigma^2)$

\hat{β_{1}} = \frac{\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x}) (y_{i} - \bar{y})}{\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2}},

$\hat{\beta_1} = \frac{\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})(y_i - \bar{y})}{\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2}\ ,$

\bar{x}

$\bar{x}$

\bar{y}

$\bar{y}$

x

$x$

y

$y$

এখন আমি । আমি নিম্নলিখিতগুলির মতো কিছু পেয়েছি: $\hat\beta_1$

Var (\hat{β_{1}}) = \frac{σ^{2} (1 - \frac{1}{n})}{\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2}} .

$\text{Var}(\hat{\beta_1}) = \frac{\sigma^2(1 - \frac{1}{n})}{\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2}\ .$

নিম্নলিখিতটি নিম্নলিখিত হিসাবে রয়েছে:

\begin{aligned} Var (\hat{β_{1}}) \\ = Var (\frac{\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x}) (y_{i} - \bar{y})}{\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2}}) \\ = \frac{1}{(\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2})^{2}} Var (\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x}) (β_{0} + β_{1} x_{i} + u_{i} - \frac{1}{n} \sum_{j} (β_{0} + β_{1} x_{j} + u_{j}))) \\ = \frac{1}{(\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2})^{2}} Var (β_{1} \sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2} + \sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x}) (u_{i} - \sum_{j} \frac{u_{j}}{n})) \\ = \frac{1}{(\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2})^{2}} Var (\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x}) (u_{i} - \sum_{j} \frac{u_{j}}{n})) \\ = \frac{1}{(\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2})^{2}} \times \\ E [{(\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x}) (u_{i} - \sum_{j} \frac{u_{j}}{n}) - \underset{= 0}{\underset{⏟}{E [\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x}) (u_{i} - \sum_{j} \frac{u_{j}}{n})]}})}^{2}] \\ = \frac{1}{(\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2})^{2}} E [{(\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x}) (u_{i} - \sum_{j} \frac{u_{j}}{n}))}^{2}] \\ = \frac{1}{(\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2})^{2}} E [\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2} (u_{i} - \sum_{j} \frac{u_{j}}{n})^{2}], since u_{i}'s are iid \\ = \frac{1}{(\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2})^{2}} \sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2} E {(u_{i} - \sum_{j} \frac{u_{j}}{n})}^{2} \\ = \frac{1}{(\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2})^{2}} \sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2} (E (u_{i}^{2}) - 2 \times E (u_{i} \times (\sum_{j} \frac{u_{j}}{n})) + E {(\sum_{j} \frac{u_{j}}{n})}^{2}) \\ = \frac{1}{(\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2})^{2}} \sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2} (σ^{2} - \frac{2}{n} σ^{2} + \frac{σ^{2}}{n}) \\ = \frac{σ^{2}}{\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2}} (1 - \frac{1}{n}) \end{aligned}

$\begin{align} &\text{Var}(\hat{\beta_1})\\ & = \text{Var} \left(\frac{\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})(y_i - \bar{y})}{\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2} \right) \\ & = \frac{1}{(\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2)^2} \text{Var}\left( \sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})\left(\beta_0 + \beta_1x_i + u_i - \frac{1}{n}\sum_j(\beta_0 + \beta_1x_j + u_j) \right)\right)\\ & = \frac{1}{(\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2)^2} \text{Var}\left( \beta_1 \sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2 + \sum_i(x_i - \bar{x}) \left(u_i - \sum_j \frac{u_j}{n}\right) \right)\\ & = \frac{1}{(\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2)^2}\text{Var}\left( \sum_i(x_i - \bar{x})\left(u_i - \sum_j \frac{u_j}{n}\right)\right)\\ & = \frac{1}{(\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2)^2}\;\times \\ &\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;E\left[\left( \sum_i(x_i - \bar{x})(u_i - \sum_j \frac{u_j}{n}) - \underbrace{E\left[\sum_i(x_i - \bar{x})(u_i - \sum_j \frac{u_j}{n})\right] }_{=0}\right)^2\right]\\ & = \frac{1}{(\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2)^2} E\left[\left( \sum_i(x_i - \bar{x})(u_i - \sum_j \frac{u_j}{n})\right)^2 \right] \\ & = \frac{1}{(\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2)^2} E\left[\sum_i(x_i - \bar{x})^2(u_i - \sum_j \frac{u_j}{n})^2 \right]\;\;\;\;\text{ , since } u_i \text{ 's are iid} \\ & = \frac{1}{(\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2)^2}\sum_i(x_i - \bar{x})^2E\left(u_i - \sum_j \frac{u_j}{n}\right)^2\\ & = \frac{1}{(\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2)^2}\sum_i(x_i - \bar{x})^2 \left(E(u_i^2) - 2 \times E \left(u_i \times (\sum_j \frac{u_j}{n})\right) + E\left(\sum_j \frac{u_j}{n}\right)^2\right)\\ & = \frac{1}{(\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2)^2}\sum_i(x_i - \bar{x})^2 \left(\sigma^2 - \frac{2}{n}\sigma^2 + \frac{\sigma^2}{n}\right)\\ & = \frac{\sigma^2}{\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2}\left(1 - \frac{1}{n}\right) \end{align}$

আমি এখানে কিছু ভুল করেছি?

আমি জানি আমি ম্যাট্রিক্স স্বরলিপিতে যদি সবকিছু করি তবে আমি get would পেয়ে যাব । তবে আমি ধারণাগুলি বুঝতে পেরেছি তা নিশ্চিত করার জন্য আমি ম্যাট্রিক্স স্বরলিপিটি ব্যবহার না করেই উত্তরটি আহরণের চেষ্টা করছি। ${\rm Var}(\hat{\beta_1}) = \frac{\sigma^2}{\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2}$

— mynameisJEFF
সূত্র

হ্যাঁ, ম্যাট্রিক্স স্বরলিপি থেকে আপনার সূত্রটি সঠিক। প্রশ্নের সূত্রের দিকে তাকিয়ে,

সুতরাং এটি দেখে মনে হচ্ছে আপনি জনসংখ্যার মান বিচ্যুতির পরিবর্তে কোথাও কোনও নমুনা স্ট্যান্ডার্ড বিচ্যুতি ব্যবহার করেছেন? অনুভূতি না দেখে এটি আর বলা শক্ত।

1 - \frac{1}{n} = \frac{n - 1}{n}

$1-\frac1{n}\,=\,\frac{n-1}{n}$

— টোটোন

সাধারণ উত্তরগুলি নকল থ্রেডেও stats.stackexchange.com/questions/91750 এ পোস্ট করা হয়েছে ।

— whuber

উত্তর:

আপনার ডেরাইভেশনটির শুরুতে আপনি বন্ধনীগুলি এর প্রক্রিয়ায় এবং উভয় প্রসারিত করতে পারেন । পূর্ববর্তীটি যোগফলের উপর নির্ভর করে , তবে পরবর্তীটি তা করে না। যদি আপনি কে ঠিক ছেড়ে তবে ডেরিভেশনটি অনেক সহজ, কারণ $\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})(y_i - \bar{y})$ $y_i$ $\bar{y}$ $i$ $\bar{y}$

\begin{aligned} \sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x}) \bar{y} & = \bar{y} \sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x}) \\ = \bar{y} ((\sum_{i} x_{i}) - n \bar{x}) \\ = \bar{y} (n \bar{x} - n \bar{x}) \\ = 0 \end{aligned}

$\begin{align} \sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})\bar{y} &= \bar{y}\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})\\ &= \bar{y}\left(\left(\sum_i x_i\right) - n\bar{x}\right)\\ &= \bar{y}\left(n\bar{x} - n\bar{x}\right)\\ &= 0 \end{align}$

অত: পর

\begin{aligned} \sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x}) (y_{i} - \bar{y}) & = \sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x}) y_{i} - \sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x}) \bar{y} \\ = \sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x}) y_{i} \\ = \sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x}) (β_{0} + β_{1} x_{i} + u_{i}) \end{aligned}

$\begin{align} \sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})(y_i - \bar{y}) &= \sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})y_i - \sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})\bar{y}\\ &= \sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})y_i\\ &= \sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})(\beta_0 + \beta_1x_i + u_i )\\ \end{align}$

এবং

\begin{aligned} Var (\hat{β_{1}}) & = Var (\frac{\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x}) (y_{i} - \bar{y})}{\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2}}) \\ = Var (\frac{\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x}) (β_{0} + β_{1} x_{i} + u_{i})}{\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2}}), substituting in the above \\ = Var (\frac{\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x}) u_{i}}{\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2}}), noting only u_{i} is a random variable \\ = \frac{\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2} Var (u_{i})}{{(\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2})}^{2}}, independence of u_{i} and, Var (k X) = k^{2} Var (X) \\ = \frac{σ^{2}}{\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2}} \end{aligned}

$\begin{align} \text{Var}(\hat{\beta_1}) & = \text{Var} \left(\frac{\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})(y_i - \bar{y})}{\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2} \right) \\ &= \text{Var} \left(\frac{\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})(\beta_0 + \beta_1x_i + u_i )}{\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2} \right), \;\;\;\text{substituting in the above} \\ &= \text{Var} \left(\frac{\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})u_i}{\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2} \right), \;\;\;\text{noting only $u_i$ is a random variable} \\ &= \frac{\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2\text{Var}(u_i)}{\left(\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2\right)^2} , \;\;\;\text{independence of } u_i \text{ and, Var}(kX)=k^2\text{Var}(X) \\ &= \frac{\sigma^2}{\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2} \\ \end{align}$

আপনি চান ফলাফল যা।

As a side note, I spent a long time trying to find an error in your derivation. In the end I decided that discretion was the better part of valour and it was best to try the simpler approach. However for the record I wasn't sure that this step was justified

\begin{aligned} = . \frac{1}{(\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2})^{2}} E [{(\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x}) (u_{i} - \sum_{j} \frac{u_{j}}{n}))}^{2}] \\ = \frac{1}{(\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2})^{2}} E [\sum_{i} (x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2} (u_{i} - \sum_{j} \frac{u_{j}}{n})^{2}], since u_{i}'s are iid \end{aligned}

$\begin{align} & =. \frac{1}{(\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2)^2} E\left[\left( \sum_i(x_i - \bar{x})(u_i - \sum_j \frac{u_j}{n})\right)^2 \right] \\ & = \frac{1}{(\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2)^2} E\left[\sum_i(x_i - \bar{x})^2(u_i - \sum_j \frac{u_j}{n})^2 \right]\;\;\;\;\text{ , since } u_i \text{ 's are iid} \\ \end{align}$ because it misses out the cross terms due to

\sum_{j} \frac{u_{j}}{n}

$\sum_j \frac{u_j}{n}$ .

— TooTone
সূত্র

I noticed that I could use the simpler approach long ago, but I was determined to dig deep and come up with the same answer using different approaches, in order to ensure that I understand the concepts. I realise that first

\sum_{j} \hat{u_{j}} = 0

$\sum_j \hat{u_j} = 0$ from normal equations (FOC from least square method), so

\bar{\hat{u}} = \frac{\sum_{i} u_{i}}{n} = 0

$\bar{\hat{u}} = \frac{\sum_i u_i}{n}=0$ , plus

\bar{\hat{u}} = \bar{y} - \bar{\hat{y}} = 0

$\bar{\hat{u}} = \bar{y} - \bar{\hat{y}} = 0$ , so

\bar{y} = \bar{\hat{y}}

$\bar{y} = \bar{\hat{y}}$ . So there won't be the term

\sum_{j} \frac{u_{j}}{n}

$\sum_j \frac{u_j}{n}$ in the first place.

— mynameisJEFF

ok, in your question the emphasis was on avoiding matrix notation.

— TooTone

Yes, because I was able to solve it using matrix notation. And notice from my last comment, I did not use any linear algebra. Thanks for your great answer anyway^.^

— mynameisJEFF

sorry are we talking at cross-purposes here? I didn't use any matrix notation in my answer either, and I thought that was what you were asking in your question.

— TooTone

sorry for misunderstanding haha...

— mynameisJEFF

I believe the problem in your proof is the step where you take the expected value of the square of $\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x} )\left( u_i -\sum_j \frac{u_j}{n} \right)$ . This is of the form $E \left[\left(\sum_i a_i b_i \right)^2 \right]$ , where $a_i = x_i -\bar{x}; b_i = u_i -\sum_j \frac{u_j}{n}$ . So, upon squaring, we get $E \left[ \sum_{i,j} a_i a_j b_i b_j \right] = \sum_{i,j} a_i a_j E\left[b_i b_j \right]$ . Now, from explicit computation, $E\left[b_i b_j \right] = \sigma^2 \left( \delta_{ij} -\frac{1}{n} \right)$ , so $E \left[ \sum_{i,j} a_i a_j b_i b_j \right] = \sum_{i,j} a_i a_j \sigma^2 \left( \delta_{ij} -\frac{1}{n} \right) = \sum_i a_i^2 \sigma^2$ as $\sum_i a_i = 0$ .

— Stefano
সূত্র

Begin from "The derivation is as follow:" The 7th "=" is wrong.

Because

$\sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})(u_i - \bar{u})$

$= \sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})u_i - \sum_i (x_i - \bar{x}) \bar{u}$

$= \sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})u_i - \bar{u} \sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})$

$= \sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})u_i - \bar{u} (\sum_i{x_i} -n \bar{x})$

$= \sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})u_i - \bar{u} (\sum_i{x_i} -\sum_i{x_i})$

$= \sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})u_i - \bar{u} 0$

$= \sum_i (x_i - \bar{x})u_i$

So after 7th "=" it should be:

$\frac {1} {(\sum_i(x_i-\bar{x})^2)^2}E\left[\left(\sum_i(x_i-\bar{x})u_i\right)^2\right]$

$=\frac {1} {(\sum_i(x_i-\bar{x})^2)^2}E\left(\sum_i(x_i-\bar{x})^2u_i^2 + 2\sum_{i\ne j}(x_i-\bar{x})(x_j-\bar{x})u_iu_j\right)$

= $\frac {1} {(\sum_i(x_i-\bar{x})^2)^2}E\left(\sum_i(x_i-\bar{x})^2u_i^2\right) + 2E\left(\sum_{i\ne j}(x_i-\bar{x})(x_j-\bar{x})u_iu_j\right)$

= $\frac {1} {(\sum_i(x_i-\bar{x})^2)^2}E\left(\sum_i(x_i-\bar{x})^2u_i^2\right)$ , because $u_i$ and $u_j$ are independent and mean 0, so $E(u_iu_j) =0$

= $\frac {1} {(\sum_i(x_i-\bar{x})^2)^2}\left(\sum_i(x_i-\bar{x})^2E(u_i^2)\right)$

$\frac {\sigma^2} {(\sum_i(x_i-\bar{x})^2)^2}$

— user158565
সূত্র

It might be helpful if you edited your answer to include the correct line.

— mdewey

Your answer is being automatically flagged as low quality because it's very short. Please consider expanding on your answer

— Glen_b -Reinstate Monica